House of Wisdom Destroyed-1258.
The Tigris ran black from ink.
On February 10th, 1258, the Mongols invaded Baghdad.
A full week of pillage and destruction commenced. The Mongols showed no discretion, destroying mosques, hospitals, libraries, and palaces. The books from Baghdad’s libraries were thrown into the Tigris River in such quantities that the river ran black with the ink from the books. The world will never truly know the extent of what knowledge was lost forever when those books were thrown into the river or burned. —Lost Islamic History.
References:
Adel Abdul-Aziz Algeriani, and Mawloud Mohadi. 2017. “The House of Wisdom (Bayt Al-Hikmah) and Its Civilizational Impact on Islamic Libraries: A Historical Perspective.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8:179–187.
Abdul-Jabbar, Wisam Kh. 2019. “Towards Intercultural Dialogue, Synthesis, and Pluralism: Revisiting Baghdad’s House of Wisdom.” Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review/Revue Canadienne de Philosophie 58 (2): 371–91.
Lyons, Jonathan (2009). The house of wisdom : how the Arabs transformed Western civilization. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
"The Mongol Invasion and the Destruction of Baghdad". Lost Islamic History.
Pinto, O. (1929). The Libraries of the Arabs during the time of the Abbasids. Islamic Culture 3 : 211-43
Wani, Zahid Ashraf, and Tabasum Maqbol. 2012. “The Islamic Era and Its Importance to Knowledge and the Development of Libraries.” Library Philosophy & Practice, April, 206–9.